Vitaly Komar (born September 11, 1943) and Alexander Melamid (born July 14, 1945) are a tandem team of Russian-born American conceptualist artists, both born in Moscow. They attended the Moscow Art School from 1958 to 1960, and then the Stroganov Institute of Art and Design, graduating in 1967. Their first joint exhibition, titled Retrospectivism, was held at the Blue Bird Café in Moscow that same year.

In 1972, they co-founded Sots Art, a critical and nonconformist movement that combined elements of Socialist Realism, Conceptualism, Dada, and Western Pop Art, using the visual language of Soviet propaganda to expose its absurdities. In 1974, they took part in the notorious Bulldozer Exhibition, at which Soviet authorities destroyed nonconformist artworks displayed outdoors in Moscow's Belyayevo district. They emigrated to Israel in 1977 and subsequently to New York in 1978, becoming US citizens in 1988.

Among their notable projects was People's Choice (1994–1997), for which they commissioned professional polling companies to survey people in multiple countries about their aesthetic preferences, then painted the resulting "most wanted" and "least wanted" works. They were the first Russian artists to receive funding from the National Endowment for the Arts and the first to be invited to Documenta, participating in Documenta 8 in Kassel in 1987. In 1998, they traveled to Thailand to teach elephants to paint, a project aimed at supporting elephants and their keepers that culminated in the first-ever auction of elephant paintings at Christie's in 2000.

Their final major collaborative project, Symbols of the Big Bang, began in 2001. The pair ceased working together in 2003, after nearly four decades of collaboration.